C01 — Apple Batterygate: Deliberate slowdown of older iPhones

Category: Planned obsolescence / deception / consumer control / Right to Repair Company/companies: Apple Years: January 2017 (iOS 10.2.1) – December 2017 (disclosure), 2018–2024 (proceedings) Status: Closed — $500M settlement + fines in France, Italy, US states, Portugal Card ID: C01

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Metadata

Field	Value
Country/region	US (federal and state), France, Italy, Portugal, Chile, UK
Year of disclosure	December 10–20, 2017 (Reddit + GeekBench + official Apple admission)
Years of practice	January 2017 – December 2017 (hidden throttling without notice); throttling with opt-out from March 2018
Total penalty	~$650M / ~€600M (all jurisdictions combined)
Currency	USD / EUR
Legal basis	Deceptive commercial practices (FR, IT), state consumer protection (US), Magnuson-Moss (US), Directive 2005/29/EC (EU)
Whistleblower/discoverer	Reddit user primate1980 (first signal), John Poole / Primate Labs (GeekBench) (scientific verification)
Number of affected	Estimated ~25 million owners of iPhone 6/6s/SE/7 with iOS 10.2.1+ and 11.2+ updates
Status (today)	Closed; “Battery Health” feature in iOS; forced change of Apple policy; impulse for Right to Repair

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TL;DR

On December 20, 2017 Apple officially admitted that in the iOS 10.2.1 (January 2017) and iOS 11.2 (December 2017) updates it was deliberately slowing the processor of older iPhones (6, 6s, SE, 7) — ostensibly to prevent unexpected shutdowns caused by worn-out batteries. Apple did not inform users, did not warn in release notes (“addresses issues that could in rare cases cause iPhone 6 and iPhone 6s to unexpectedly shut down” — technically true, but misleading), and did not provide an option to disable the throttling. The effect: an iPhone 6s with a worn battery could run 40–60% slower than one with a new battery, without the user knowing.

Discovery came through a Reddit anecdote. On December 10, 2017, user primate1980 posted on r/iphone: “I replaced the battery in my iPhone 6s after 14 months of use → GeekBench jumped from 1466 to 2526” — a 70% performance increase from a battery swap alone. John Poole (founder of Primate Labs, creator of GeekBench) gathered data from hundreds of thousands of iPhone benchmarks. His analysis, published on December 18, 2017, showed: devices with iOS 10.2.1+ and worn batteries had a significant performance downshift, while devices without the update or with new batteries did not. This was direct evidence Apple could not deny. On December 20, 2017, Apple confirmed.

Financial consequences (~$650M total):

• March 2020 — US class action (In re Apple Device Performance Litigation): ~$500M (~$25 per device × ~25M owners)
• November 2020 — 33 US states: $113M
• February 2020 — France DGCCRF: €25M
• October 24, 2018 — Italy AGCM: €10M
• 2023 — class action by Deco Proteste against Apple (not a regulatory fine). Estimated value: ~€7M (€60 × ~115,000 affected)
• April 8, 2021 — Chile: settlement $3.4M (~150,000 iPhone 6/6s/SE/7 users); max $50 per user

Operational reforms: Apple reduced the battery replacement price from $79 to $29 for all of 2018 — 11 million replacements were performed (5× more than normal). Apple’s estimated lost revenue from new iPhone sales: $10–15 billion (people stayed with older phones). In iOS 11.3 (March 2018), Apple introduced Settings → Battery → Battery Health — publicly visible maximum capacity of the battery and an option to disable throttling (with a warning about the risk of sudden shutdown).

The case carries structural significance: Batterygate is the first major case of regulatory confrontation with planned obsolescence. In 2020, France passed a law criminalizing planned obsolescence (up to 2 years in prison + €300,000 fine) — a direct consequence of the case. It was an impulse for the Right to Repair movement — in 2024, the EU passed Directive 2024/1799; from 2027, every phone in the EU must have a replaceable battery.

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Timeline

• September 2014 — iPhone 6/6 Plus launch.
• September 2015 — iPhone 6s/6s Plus. Apple A9 model, most affected by Batterygate.
• March 2016 — iPhone SE (based on iPhone 6s hardware).
• September 2016 — iPhone 7/7 Plus.
• November 2016 — mounting user reports of unexpected shutdowns of iPhone 6s at 30–50% battery charge.
• December 2016 — Apple launches a limited battery replacement program for iPhone 6s units manufactured in a specific period (serial numbers).
• January 23, 2017 — iOS 10.2.1 — hidden throttling introduced. Release notes: terse.
• March 2017 — Apple publicly announces an 80% drop in unexpected iPhone 6s shutdowns — without disclosing that this is the effect of throttling.
• December 2, 2017 — iOS 11.2 — throttling extended to iPhone 7/7 Plus.
• December 10, 2017 — Reddit user primate1980 on r/iphone: “I replaced the battery, GeekBench went up 70%”.
• December 18, 2017 — John Poole (Primate Labs) publishes analysis of GeekBench data. Direct evidence of throttling.
• December 20, 2017 — Apple officially admits the practice. First public response.
• December 28, 2017 — “A Message to Our Customers about iPhone Batteries and Performance” — Apple Inc.’s official statement (NOT signed by Tim Cook; begins “We’ve been hearing feedback from our customers”). Battery replacement price cut from $79 to $29 throughout 2018.
• January 2018 — class action lawsuits start pouring in (ultimately consolidated in In re Apple Inc. Device Performance Litigation, N.D. Cal.).
• March 29, 2018 — iOS 11.3 — Battery Health feature (displaying maximum capacity and option to disable throttling).
• October 24, 2018 — Italy AGCM: €10M fine for Apple (+€10M for Samsung for the same practice).
• February 7, 2020 — France DGCCRF: €25M fine + requirement to publish a statement on the French Apple website for a month.
• March 2, 2020 — US class action settlement: approx. $500M.
• November 2020 — 33 US states: $113M settlement.
• April 8, 2021 — Chile: settlement $3.4M (~150,000 iPhone 6/6s/SE/7 users); max $50 per user.
• 2022 — UK Competition Appeal Tribunal gives the green light for a UK class action.
• 2023 — class action by Deco Proteste against Apple (not a regulatory fine). Estimated value: ~€7M (€60 × ~115,000 affected).
• 2024 — EU adopts Right to Repair Directive 2024/1799; replaceable-battery requirement by 2027.

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Mechanism

Why Apple throttled in the first place

The physical problem of lithium-ion batteries. An iPhone battery has a limited number of charge cycles (nominally ~500 full cycles to retain 80% capacity). Beyond that count, the ability to deliver peak current declines (peak current delivery). Not the capacity itself — but the ability to deliver, say, 5A momentarily when the CPU needs a boost.

The consequence: when the CPU in an iPhone 6s demanded peak power (e.g., opening an app, processing a photograph, playing a game), a worn battery could not deliver the current. Voltage dropped below the safety threshold, and the iPhone shut down abruptly, even though the indicator showed 30–50% charge.

Reports from 2016 surfaced the problem especially for the iPhone 6s. Apple launched a limited battery replacement program — but it covered only specific serial numbers, and most users did not qualify.

Apple’s decision (2016–2017): instead of broadly replacing batteries for free (cost: hundreds of millions), patch it in software. The new iOS would:

1. Monitor battery state (internal resistance, voltage under load)
2. If the battery is “worn” → lower the maximum CPU frequency (e.g., from 1.85 GHz to 1.2 GHz)
3. As a result, the CPU does not demand peak power → the battery can handle it → no shutdowns

Technical details of throttling

• Detection: iOS monitored battery parameters via the power management chip (PMIC). The key indicator: internal resistance (rises with degradation).
• Threshold: above a certain resistance, throttling kicked in.
• Throttling scale: in extreme cases, -40 to -60% performance (GeekBench from ~2500 to ~1000 for iPhone 6s).
• Dynamics: throttling was not constant — under “calm” use the CPU could operate normally. Only when it requested a boost.
• No communication to the user: no warning, no opt-out, no mention in release notes.

Apple release notes — a manipulation classic

For iOS 10.2.1, Apple published only: “iOS 10.2.1 addresses issues that could in rare cases cause iPhone 6 and iPhone 6s to unexpectedly shut down.”

Analysis:

• “addresses issues” — yes, but via hidden throttling, not through software repair or battery management optimization.
• “in rare cases” — in reality it affected millions of devices.
• No mention of throttling, performance change, or the mechanism.

This fit the definition of misrepresentation by omission — misleading by withholding material information.

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Discovery

Reddit — primate1980

December 10, 2017, r/iphone. A user (pseudonym primate1980) posted: “My iPhone 6s was getting slower and slower. GeekBench single-core: 1466, multi-core: 2526. Today I replaced the battery (after 14 months of use, the battery was at 90% of declared capacity). Now: single-core 2526, multi-core 4460. 70% improvement.”

The post immediately triggered a wave of replies: “same here”, “my iPhone 6 works like new after the swap”. The thread had hundreds of comments within hours.

John Poole and Primate Labs

John Poole (Primate Labs, Toronto) — founder of the company publishing GeekBench, one of the most popular CPU benchmarks. A coincidence: the name “primate1980” from Reddit and Poole’s company name “Primate” are unrelated, but Poole quickly noticed the thread.

Poole had anonymized data from hundreds of thousands of GeekBench runs on iPhones (sent by default to Primate Labs as statistics). He ran an analysis:

1. iPhone 6s results before iOS 10.2.1: a normal performance distribution.
2. Results after iOS 10.2.1: a bimodal distribution — some devices at a high score, some at a much lower one.
3. Correlation: devices with lower scores had older batteries (proxy: date of purchase, session length).

The Primate Labs blog post (December 18, 2017) contained charts directly showing the throttling. Google searches for “GeekBench iPhone battery slowdown” exploded.

Mainstream media reaction

• December 19, 2017 — TechCrunch, The Verge, Ars Technica
• December 20, 2017 — NYT, WSJ, BBC
• December 20, 2017 — Apple officially admits

First publications

• December 10, 2017 — primate1980’s post on r/iphone
• December 18, 2017 — John Poole, “iPhone Performance and Battery Age”, Primate Labs Blog
• December 20, 2017 — Apple Newsroom, first statement
• December 28, 2017 — Apple, “A Message to Our Customers about iPhone Batteries and Performance” — Apple Inc.’s official statement (NOT signed by Cook)

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Key people

Discoverers

• primate1980 — anonymous Reddit user, first signal.
• John Poole — founder of Primate Labs, creator of GeekBench. Scientific verification.
• Zach Epstein (BGR), Chance Miller (9to5Mac), Jason Snell (Six Colors) — Apple-ecosystem journalists who quickly picked up the story.

Apple

• Tim Cook — CEO. Note: the “A Message to Our Customers” letter (December 28, 2017) was NOT signed by Cook — Apple Inc.’s official statement begins “We’ve been hearing feedback from our customers”.
• Phil Schiller — SVP Worldwide Marketing (at the time).
• Dan Riccio — SVP Hardware Engineering.
• Bob Mansfield — formerly SVP Hardware; departed in 2012, but many battery-related decisions on the iPhone 6/6s dated from his tenure.

Regulators

• AGCM (Italy) — Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato; fine October 2018.
• DGCCRF (France) — Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation et de la répression des fraudes; fine February 2020.
• 33 US states — coordinated action led by the Arizona AG.
• SERNAC (Chile), DGSI (Portugal).

Lawyers

• Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein LLP — lead firm on the US class action.
• Joseph Cotchett (Cotchett, Pitre & McCarthy) — also on the US class action.
• Foltis & Nicholas — represented the claimants in the UK Competition Appeal Tribunal.

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Company response

Apple

Stage 1: silence (January 2017 – December 2017). Eleven months of throttling with no disclosure. Asked by Apple forums, service centers and journalists, the response was: “iPhones work normally, batteries have a defined lifespan.”

Stage 2: forced candor (December 20, 2017). After Poole’s analysis Apple has no choice. First statement: “Our goal is to deliver the best experience for customers, which includes overall performance and prolonging the life of their devices. Lithium-ion batteries become less capable of supplying peak current demands when in cold conditions, have a low battery charge or as they age over time, which can result in the device unexpectedly shutting down to protect its electronic components.”

Apple framed throttling as an act of care for the user — “to avoid shutdowns.” But did not explain why it was done without informing them.

Stage 3: public apology (December 28, 2017). The “A Message to Our Customers” letter — Apple Inc.’s official statement (NOT signed by Tim Cook; begins “We’ve been hearing feedback from our customers”):

• Apology for the failure to communicate, not for the throttling itself
• Battery replacement price cut to $29 for 2018
• Announcement of Battery Health in iOS

Stage 4: reforms (iOS 11.3, March 2018):

• Battery Health visible in Settings
• “Peak Performance Capability” button with an option to disable throttling (with a warning)
• Improved power management in subsequent iOS versions

Stage 5: payment (2018–2024). The fines do not change Apple’s financial fundamentals (a company with $200+ billion in reserves), but they prove that planned obsolescence carries regulatory risk.

Open questions:

• Could Apple have offered free battery replacement instead of throttling? Estimated cost: $1–2 billion. But it would have brought goodwill instead of scandal.
• Why did the iOS 10.2.1 update not contain even one sentence about throttling?
• Was the $29 price a fair cost for battery replacement? Material cost of an iPhone battery: ~$5. Labor: ~20 min. The normal $79 margin was a ~1,500% markup.

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Legal proceedings

Jurisdictions

1. US federal — class action (consolidated in N.D. Cal.)
2. US state — 33 states (AG action)
3. France — DGCCRF
4. Italy — AGCM
5. Portugal — DGSI
6. Chile — SERNAC
7. UK — Competition Appeal Tribunal (continuing 2022+)

Legal basis

• France: Art. L121-1 Code de la consommation (deceptive commercial practices); Loi 2020-105 (law criminalizing planned obsolescence)
• Italy: Codice del Consumo
• US federal: FTC Act § 5; Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act
• US state: various state consumer protection acts
• EU: Directive 2005/29/EC on unfair commercial practices

Planned obsolescence — a key concept

Apple Batterygate is the first high-profile case in which regulators applied the concept of planned obsolescence to a digital product. Previously used mainly for household appliances and industry. France 2020: a law criminalizing planned obsolescence (art. L441-2 du Code de la consommation) — up to 2 years in prison + €300,000 fine.

Key stages

Date	Stage
December 20, 2017	Apple admission
January 2018	First US lawsuits
October 24, 2018	Italy €10M
February 7, 2020	France €25M
March 2, 2020	US class action $500M
November 2020	33 states $113M
2023	Portugal Deco Proteste class action ~€7M

Related case law

• Italy AGCM vs Samsung (October 2018, same date as Apple) — in parallel, Samsung fined €5M for analogous practices with the Galaxy Note 4.
• France — first criminal planned-obsolescence cases (2021, cases involving smaller manufacturers).
• EU Right to Repair Directive 2024/1799 — a direct regulatory consequence.

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Penalties and settlements

Date	Authority	Amount	Jurisdiction	Basis
October 24, 2018	AGCM	10,000,000 EUR	Italy	Codice del Consumo
February 7, 2020	DGCCRF	25,000,000 EUR	France	Code de la consommation
March 2, 2020	In re Apple Device Performance Litigation	~500,000,000 USD	US federal	Class action
November 2020	33 US states	113,000,000 USD	US state	Consumer protection
April 8, 2021	SERNAC	3,400,000 USD	Chile	Consumer rights
2023	Deco Proteste (class action)	~7,000,000 EUR (estimate)	Portugal	Class action

Total: ~$650M / ~€600M

Add-on: the cost of $29 battery replacements in 2018 — Apple handled ~11 million swaps (compared to ~2 million annually in normal years). For the company, an internal cost of several hundred million dollars plus the loss of $10–15 billion in new iPhone sales.

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Precedents and implications

For law

• France — law criminalizing planned obsolescence (2020) — a direct consequence.
• EU Right to Repair Directive (2024) — replaceable batteries in mobile devices by 2027.
• US — debate on reforming the Magnuson-Moss Act — did not pass, but the discussion happened.
• California Right to Repair Act (SB 244, 2023) — in force 2024.

For Big Tech practice

• Update transparency has become the norm — Apple, Google, Microsoft publish more detailed release notes after Batterygate.
• “Performance Mode” as a UX pattern — in many devices (Samsung Galaxy “Protect Battery”, Google Pixel “Adaptive Battery”), the user now has control over the performance/battery trade-off.
• Battery Health as a feature — a standard in phones since 2018.

For the Right to Repair movement

• iFixit (Kyle Wiens’s company) — became a public voice.
• Federation of Consumer Associations in the EU — lobbied for Right to Repair.
• Fairphone (Dutch company) — its modular phone model gained visibility.

For consumer awareness

• “Apple knows best” erosion — previously Apple had the image of a company that “acts out of concern for the user.” Batterygate showed that Apple hides decisions.
• Forced user control — since 2018, users know they should monitor battery state.

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Class actions

Case	Court	Status	Value	Affected
In re Apple Inc. Device Performance Litigation	N.D. Cal.	Settled 2020	~$500M	iPhone 6/6s/SE/7 owners in US (~25M)
Morgan v. Apple	UK Competition Appeal Tribunal	Pending since 2022	Expected	UK iPhone owners
Related lawsuits	California, New York, Texas	Consolidated	Part of $500M	US owners

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Conclusions for citizens

What does this mean for me?

If you own an iPhone older than 3 years (any model) — your battery is probably worn, and the phone may be slowed down. Apple now notifies you of this, but users rarely check. On Android an analogous mechanism exists (battery aging → slowdown), but it is less tightly controlled. Batterygate is an exceptional situation in which consumers had a right to know — and they won.

How to check if your phone is slowed down?

iPhone:

1. Settings → Battery → Battery Health & Charging.
2. Check “Maximum Capacity.” If < 80% — the battery is significantly worn.
3. Check “Peak Performance Capability.” If it says “your battery condition has significantly degraded” — throttling is active.
4. Opt-out option: tap “Disable…” under the peak performance info. Caution: this increases the risk of sudden shutdowns.

Android (general): 5. Settings → Battery → Battery Usage / Battery Health (naming depends on manufacturer). 6. Run GeekBench, Antutu, PCMark — compare against online averages for your model. 7. If the phone is dramatically slower than expected performance → consider a battery replacement.

Battery replacement — what to know

• Authorized Apple service — from $89 (outside the promotion period) up to ~€150 in Poland.
• Authorized Samsung, Xiaomi service — €30–80, depending on model.
• Unauthorized service centers — cheaper (€30–60), but watch out for cell quality (non-original batteries can be dangerous).
• Self-service repair (Apple since 2022, other firms following) — you can buy a kit and replace it yourself. Risk: loss of warranty.

What rights do I have?

In the EU:

• 2-year legal warranty (6 years in the UK) — if the phone stops working properly in this period, repair or replacement is due.
• GDPR art. 82 — not directly applicable, but deception can be grounds for a claim.
• Unfair Commercial Practices Directive — basis for complaints to UOKiK.
• EU Right to Repair Directive 2024/1799 — from 2027 requirements on manufacturers.

In Poland:

• UOKiK — reporting unfair practices.
• Consumer court — individual claims.
• Municipal Consumer Ombudsman — free advice.

In the US:

• 2020 class action settlement — closed filing period (2021). If you owned an iPhone 6/6s/SE/7 in the US, you may have received $25.
• State consumer laws.

Where to file

• Poland: UOKiK (uokik.gov.pl), Consumer Ombudsman
• France: DGCCRF (signal.conso.gouv.fr) — you can report planned obsolescence
• EU: European Consumer Centre (ECC-Net)

Note for mediators, lawyers, individual consumers

In disputes with Apple/other manufacturers over phone slowdown:

1. Evidence collection is key:
   • Screenshots of benchmarks (GeekBench, Antutu) before and after battery replacement
   • Dates of iOS updates (from Apple’s chronicle)
   • Receipts of purchase
   • Reports of unexpected shutdowns
2. Class actions in Poland — the 2009 Act on Group Claims permits actions with 10+ people. Barriers are high, but for homogeneous harms realistically achievable.
3. Contract clauses — in Poland Apple uses pro-user arbitration clauses (ADR in Ireland). A Polish attorney can argue the invalidity of these clauses (violation of art. 385[3] of the Civil Code — abusive clauses).
4. Planned obsolescence as an argument — in Poland it is not formally criminalized, but can be the basis for a claim of non-conformity of goods with the contract (art. 560 of the Civil Code).

For environmental lawyers — Batterygate is evidence that replacement is cheaper ecologically than device replacement. An argument for cases:

• Leading consumer coalitions against manufacturers
• Undertaking government policies (e.g., e-waste tax)
• Lobbying for a Right to Repair law

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Context

• Apple’s double “environmental” irony — Apple markets itself as a green company (the “Mother Nature” campaign 2023, the recycling robot “Liam”, “100% renewable energy” ads). Batterygate undermined these declarations — forcing device replacement instead of battery replacement was environmentally catastrophic. The carbon footprint of producing a new iPhone: ~70 kg CO2. Multiplied by millions of potentially “unnecessary” device swaps — tens of millions of tons of CO2.
• iPhone 6s worked like new after battery replacement — users who replaced the battery regained ~100% of original performance. Proof: the problem was not “CPU wear”, only artificial throttling.
• Apple lost $10–15 billion in sales — analyst estimates. In 2018, 11 million battery replacements at $29 meant that 11 million users decided not to buy a new iPhone. At an average price of $800 = ~$9 billion in unrealized sales.
• “We apologize” — in its public apology Apple did not use the word “batterygate”. It never officially accepted this name. A classic PR strategy — do not legitimize the scandal’s name.
• Tim Cook’s WWDC 2018 keynote — a month after the apology. Cook did not mention Batterygate. Instead, he opened with environment and accessibility. Journalists noted the strategic avoidance of the topic.
• A9 to A9 to A9 — iPhone 6s, SE (first gen), iPad Air 2 — all on the A9 chip. All were affected by throttling in a similar way. Some analysts suspected that the A9 chip had fundamental power-delivery problems, which Apple tried to patch in software. Apple never confirmed this.
• Italy and Samsung — the same October 2018 AGCM decision also fined Samsung for analogous practices with the Galaxy Note 4 (€5M). A rare case of a simultaneous penalty for major competitors.
• John Poole → received no award — Poole received no formal recognition for his detective work. Primate Labs remained an independent company. GeekBench became the de facto standard in mobile device performance analysis.
• “Battery after 500 cycles” — Apple declares that an iPhone battery holds 80% capacity after 500 cycles. A cycle = full charge from 0 to 100%. With intensive use (2× charge per day) — 500 cycles in ~8 months. In practice, users should expect degradation after 1–2 years.
• France — first criminal planned-obsolescence trial — in 2021, a year after the 2020 law, the first criminal trial against an appliance manufacturer began. Apple formally has a pending argument: “we were the first model, but now it is not us”.
• Polish context — in 2018 in Poland, UOKiK did not open proceedings. Polish users were covered by the DGCCRF France fine (although realistically it was hard for them to file claims). At present (2026), UOKiK has a more active approach to Big Tech.
• Fairphone — a Dutch phone maker with a replaceable battery, modular construction and a 4-year warranty. Sales small (~300,000 devices annually), but symbolically significant. Fairphone 5 (2023) also has 8 years of software support — unprecedentedly long.
• iOS Performance Mode — an option for power users — many iPhone users still do not know that throttling can be turned off. The option is in “Settings → Battery → Battery Health → Peak Performance Capability.” The danger: the phone may shut down at peak load, but runs at full performance between shutdowns.

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Sources

1. primate1980, post on r/iphone, December 10, 2017. URL: https://www.reddit.com/r/iphone/ (archive)

2. John Poole, “iPhone Performance and Battery Age”, Primate Labs Blog, December 18, 2017. URL: https://www.primatelabs.com/geekbench/blog/iphone-performance-battery-age (accessed: 2026-04-17)

3. Apple, “A Message to Our Customers about iPhone Batteries and Performance”, December 28, 2017. URL: https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2017/12/a-message-to-our-customers-about-iphone-batteries-and-performance/ (accessed: 2026-04-17)

4. In re Apple Inc. Device Performance Litigation, N.D. Cal., MDL No. 2827 (PACER documents).

5. Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato (AGCM), decision October 25, 2018 — €10M fine. URL: https://www.agcm.it/

6. Direction générale de la concurrence, de la consommation et de la répression des fraudes (DGCCRF), decision February 7, 2020. URL: https://www.economie.gouv.fr/dgccrf

7. National Association of Attorneys General, “33-State AG Settlement with Apple”, November 2020.

8. Autoridade Nacional (Portugal), decision 2023 — €25M.

9. Loi n° 2020-105 du 10 février 2020 relative à la lutte contre le gaspillage et à l’économie circulaire, Art. L441-2 Code de la consommation.

10. EU Directive 2024/1799 on common rules promoting the repair of goods (“Right to Repair Directive”).

11. iFixit, technical materials on iPhone 6s, 7 battery replacement. URL: https://www.ifixit.com/

12. Kyle Wiens, public statements for the Right to Repair Coalition.

13. Apple Support, “iPhone Battery and Performance”, technical document. URL: https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT208387

14. Competition Appeal Tribunal UK, Morgan v. Apple Inc., 2022 decision allowing class action.

15. Fairphone, environmental reports 2020–2024. URL: https://www.fairphone.com

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Last updated: 2026-04-17 Card in database: C01_batterygate.md